Here are a list of references used to create this site ShouldWeBeWorried.com and the eBook, including annotations.
Cameron, J. (Director). (1984). The Terminator [Film]. Orion Pictures; Hemdale; Pacific Western Productions; Euro Film Funding; Cinema ’84.
Cameron, J. (Director). (1991). The Terminator 2: Judgement Day [Film]. Tri-Star Pictures; Carolco Pictures; Pacific Western Productions; Lightstorm Entertainment; Le Studio Canal+.
Dormehl, L. (2017). Thinking Machines: The Quest for Artificial Intelligence–and Where It’s Taking Us Next. Tarcher Perigee.
DrSJS (2014) man-muscular-robot-cyborg-android-320276 [Image] Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/man-muscular-robot-cyborg-android-320276/
geralt (2018) technology-developer-touch-finger-3389904 [Image] Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/technology-developer-touch-finger-3389904/
Harari, Y. (2015). Homo Deus: A brief history of Tomorrow. Harper.
leadnodes (03 March, 2016) Leadinjection – Landing Page Theme [Wordpress Theme] https://themeforest.net/item/leadinjection-landing-page-theme/14532230
Harari, Y. (2015). Homo Deus: A brief history of Tomorrow. Harper.
Naudé, W. (2021) Artificial intelligence: neither utopian nor apocalyptic impacts soon. Economics of innovation and new technology, 30(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1839173
This article boosts the understanding of artificial intelligence in its current state. It shows how the medias portrayal of artificial intelligence, as a current threat to our existentialism, differs from the actual reality of its capabilities. Currently artificial intelligence has improved efficiency through automation, and though it is doing jobs that humans used to do, it has not led to massive unemployment. It has been stated in this article that developers of artificial intelligence are trying to create a human like intelligence, an Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). AGI is defined as a speculative type of intelligence that can learn to accomplish tasks with an intellect like humans. For now, artificial intelligence is far from this capability, and unlikely to reach this point soon. Humans are not out of the woods completely, they will have to continue investments into education and skills, to remain competitive. The article discusses the universal basic income theory. This is the idea that humans will need supplemental income because artificial intelligence will be doing jobs, previously done by humans, instead of humans.
Painter06 (2018) robot-technology-3323982 [Image] Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/robot-technology-3323982/
Su, Z., Togay, G. & Côté, A. -M. (2021) Artificial intelligence: a destructive and yet creative force in the skilled labour market. Human Resource Development International, 24(3), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1818513
My research was focused on two specific professions, that of a lawyer or that of an engineer. To this article these professions could be classified as skilled labor. This article provides a lens into a world where less qualified workers, with less education than previously required, will be able to harness artificial intelligence (AI) to complete skilled labor. Tasks that previously required highly skilled humans are slowly being replaced by people with lower qualifications. They are using the help of artificially intelligent devices to complete these tasks. This article also references a recurring theme in my research, mentioning the historian Harari’s prediction of the future: that most humans will have lost all their economic value and become “useless”. But don’t fret humans, artificial intelligence is not yet capable of taking all the jobs away just yet. AI is forecasted to create a surge of skilled jobs, because for now, humans must develop AI. The existential threat to humanity is far away until there is a breakthrough in artificial general intelligence (AGI) with sentient ability.
Topf, D. (2020). “Useless class” or uniquely human?: The challenge of artificial intelligence. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 32(1–2), 17–38.
This article was good in providing information about philosophic ideas revolving around artificial intelligence. It explored the potential domination of humans by artificial intelligence. It explained that by programming a Christian viewpoint into AI it can contribute a deeper meaning to humans. This viewpoint maybe necessary in a realm beyond the classical tradition of paid work. The article made good use of contrasting ideas to explain the subject matter to minimize the bias between theology and philosophy. This article provided a deeper understanding of the humans’ role in what is being called the “Fourth Industrial Revolution”. In the future age of advanced technologies like AI and robotics, the idea is presented that many people will be useless and unemployable. This article took a deep dive into the universal income theory, and the humans place alongside artificial intelligence in the workforce. For the near-term, artificial intelligence should produce a balance between job growth and job loss. This article contributed to my project by indirectly answering my question about making lawyers and engineers obsolete. Though it did not specifically mention these professions in the article, the article provided insight into the human jobs in a general sense. The article demonstrated that artificial intelligence poses a threat to humans, but humans possess the ability to adapt.
VPRO Documentary (2017) Humans, Gods and Technology | VPRO documentary | 2017 [Video] YouTube. @vprodocumentary https://youtu.be/tQd_5as_cMY?si=gfhbtA_3FGBxglFj
WordPress 6.4.3 (2024) [Content Management System] https://wordpress.org/
Xu, N., & Wang, K. (2021). Adopting robot lawyer? The extending artificial intelligence robot lawyer technology acceptance model for legal industry by an exploratory study. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(5), 867-885. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.81
This source contributed to bridging the gap between artificial intelligence and the legal profession. I found out that artificial intelligent robot lawyers possess abilities that can replace that of a human. The current state of artificial intelligence can be used to help lawyers rather than replace them. So, while human lawyers possess a phycological advantage to robots, the robot excels in data collection, case analysis and prediction. The currency of the source was published in 2021 with no revisions. The information is current, and it relates to my topic. This article was paramount in addressing whether artificial intelligence is going to make lawyers obsolete. It supplied insight into the prospect of artificial intelligence doing away with self-reliance. It also answers the question of whether artificial intelligence will help or hinder these professions. “AI brings convenience to people, but it can also lead to the substitution of human workers with robots (Dekker, 2017).” (Xu, N., 2021).
Zawacki-Richter, O. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
The currency of the source was published 2019 with no revisions. The information is current for my topic, and relevant to the subject matter. The intended audience of the article is not only scholars interested in artificial intelligence, but educators, and educational institutions. This article was good in providing information about the current state of artificial intelligence education, and how it is being used. The limitations of the article with respect to my topic was that it focused more on artificial intelligence education, the process of learning, and theoretical pedagogical perspectives, and less on how AI affects law students. It does however mention engineering, and various other higher education subjects. The article provided insight into the ethical and educational aspect of artificial intelligences’ role in higher education. The article goes on to explain that AI originated from computer science and engineering, but is strongly influenced by other social and economic principles.